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Mobile robot navigation is a critical aspect of robotics, involving the development and implementation of protocols that enable robots to move autonomously and efficiently within various environments. Mobile robots must learn how to travel independently in an unfamiliar indoor environment while avoiding both static and dynamic hazards. The traditional navigational system lacks the capacity for self-learning. Nevertheless, the conditions found outside are significantly different from those observed in the lab. Because natural habitats are by their very nature unorganized, safe travel is practically impossible due to potholes, concealed rocks, irregular pavement, and ramps. To overcome these challenges and guarantee the successful deployment of a mobile robot in an outdoor environment, precise location and attitude data are needed. This summary provides an overview of the key navigation protocols and techniques used in mobile robotics, highlighting advancements, challenges, and future directions.