ARCHIVES
Original Article
Augmented Reality–Driven Human–Robot Interaction: A Framework for Intuitive and Safe Collaborative Systems
Dr. Sandhya Vats1
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Guru Nanak College, Budhlada (Mansa), Punjab, India.
Published Online: September-December 2025
Pages: 146-152
Cite this article
No DOIReferences
1. Costa, G. M., Petry, M. R., Moreira, A. P., “Augmented Reality for Human–Robot Collaboration and Cooperation in Industrial Applications: A Systematic Literature Review,” Sensors, 22(7), 2725, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072725.
2. Chang, C. T., Hayes, G. R., “A Survey of Augmented Reality for Human–Robot Collaboration,” Machines, 12(8), 540, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12080540.
3. Subramanian, K., Huang, C., Hsiao, K., “Supporting Human–Robot Interaction in Manufacturing with Augmented Reality and Effective Human–Computer Interaction: A Review and Framework,” Machines, 12(10), 706, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12100706.
4. Carriero, G., Calzone, N., Sileo, M., Pierri, F., Caccavale, F., Mozzillo, R., “Human-Robot Collaboration: An Augmented Reality Toolkit for Bi-Directional Interaction,” Applied Sciences, 13(20), 11295, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011295.
5. Makris, S., Karagiannis, P., Koukas, S., Matthaiakis, A.-S., “Augmented Reality System for Operator Support in Human–Robot Collaborative Assembly,” CIRP Annals, 65(1), 61–64, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.04.038.
6. De Pace, F., Manuri, F., Sanna, A., “A Systematic Review of Augmented Reality Interfaces for Human–Robot Interaction in Industrial Collaborative Scenarios,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, 149, 106806, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.106806.
7. Chu, C.-H., Liu, Y.-L., “Human Factors in Augmented Reality User Interfaces for Human–Robot Collaborative Assembly,” Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 68, 313–324, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2023.04.007.
8. Papanastasiou, S., Kousi, N., Karagiannis, P., Gkournelos, C., Papavasileiou, A., Dimoulas, K., Baris, K., Koukas, S., Michalos, G., Makris, S., “Towards Seamless Human–Robot Collaboration: Integrating Multimodal Interaction,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 105, 3881–3897, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03790-3.
9. Matsas, E., Vosniakos, G.-C., “Design of a Virtual Reality Training System for Human–Robot Collaboration in Manufacturing Tasks,” International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 11(2), 139–153, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-015-0259-2.
10. Maruyama, T., Ueshiba, T., Tada, M., Toda, H., Endo, Y., Domae, Y., Nakabo, Y., Mori, T., Suita, K., “Digital Twin-Driven Human Robot Collaboration Using a Digital Human,” Sensors, 21(24), 8266, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248266.
11. Sheikh Bahaei, S., Gallina, B., “Assessing Risk of AR and Organizational Changes Factors in Socio-technical Robotic Manufacturing,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 88, 102731, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2024.102731.
12. Hietanen, A., Lanz, M., Latokartano, J., “AR-Based Interaction for Human–Robot Collaborative Manufacturing,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 63, 101891, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2019.101891
13. Hietanen, A.; Lanz, M.; Latokartano, J. “AR-Based Interaction for Human–Robot Collaborative Manufacturing,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 63, 101891, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2019.101891.
14. Loy, W. W. et al. “Exploring AR-enabled human–robot collaboration (HRC),” Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 2025. (Springer)
15. Maruyama, T.; Ueshiba, T.; Tada, M.; Toda, H.; Endo, Y.; Domae, Y.; Nakabo, Y.; Mori, T.; Suita, K. “Digital Twin-Driven Human Robot Collaboration Using a Digital Human,” Sensors, 21(24), 8266, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248266.
16. De Pace, F.; Manuri, F.; Sanna, A. “A Systematic Review of Augmented Reality Interfaces for Human–Robot Interaction in Industrial Collaborative Scenarios,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, 149, 106806, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.106806.
17. Qiu, S.; Liu, H.; Zhang, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Zhu, S. “Human-Robot Interaction in a Shared Augmented Reality Workspace,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, (IEEE/ACM) 2021. (or journal context)(2025) “Improving Human–Robot Collaboration through AR and user gaze,” ACM/IEEE Transactions on HRI.
18. Chandan, K.; Kudalkar, V.; Li, X.; Zhang, S. “ARROCH: Augmented Reality for Robots Collaborating with a Human,” ACM/IEEE HRI, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517719.
19. Gregory, J. M.; Reardon, C.; Lee, K.; White, G.; Ng, K.; Sims, C. “Enabling Intuitive Human-Robot Teaming Using Augmented Reality and Gesture Control,” ACM/IEEE HRI, 2019.
20. Sheikh Bahaei, S.; Gallina, B. “Assessing Risk of AR and Organizational Changes Factors in Socio-technical Robotic Manufacturing,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 88, 102731, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2024.102731.
21. Chu, C.-H.; Liu, Y.-L. “Human Factors in Augmented Reality User Interfaces for Human–Robot Collaborative Assembly,” Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 68, 313–324, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2023.04.007.
22. Makris, S.; Karagiannis, P.; Koukas, S.; Matthaiakis, A.-S. “Augmented Reality System for Operator Support in Human–Robot Collaborative Assembly,” CIRP Annals, 65(1), 61–64, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.04.038.
23. Project Air-Cobot related works (inspection + human supervision) — see multiple journal articles.
24. Survey of XR in remote HRI, e.g. “A Systematic Review of XR-based Remote Human-Robot Interaction Systems” (arXiv-based but points to published works).
25. Suzuki, R.; Karim, A.; Xia, T.; Hedayati, H.; Marquardt, N. “Augmented Reality and Robotics: A Survey and Taxonomy for AR-enhanced Human-Robot Interaction,” CHI / ACM, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517719.
2. Chang, C. T., Hayes, G. R., “A Survey of Augmented Reality for Human–Robot Collaboration,” Machines, 12(8), 540, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12080540.
3. Subramanian, K., Huang, C., Hsiao, K., “Supporting Human–Robot Interaction in Manufacturing with Augmented Reality and Effective Human–Computer Interaction: A Review and Framework,” Machines, 12(10), 706, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12100706.
4. Carriero, G., Calzone, N., Sileo, M., Pierri, F., Caccavale, F., Mozzillo, R., “Human-Robot Collaboration: An Augmented Reality Toolkit for Bi-Directional Interaction,” Applied Sciences, 13(20), 11295, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011295.
5. Makris, S., Karagiannis, P., Koukas, S., Matthaiakis, A.-S., “Augmented Reality System for Operator Support in Human–Robot Collaborative Assembly,” CIRP Annals, 65(1), 61–64, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.04.038.
6. De Pace, F., Manuri, F., Sanna, A., “A Systematic Review of Augmented Reality Interfaces for Human–Robot Interaction in Industrial Collaborative Scenarios,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, 149, 106806, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.106806.
7. Chu, C.-H., Liu, Y.-L., “Human Factors in Augmented Reality User Interfaces for Human–Robot Collaborative Assembly,” Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 68, 313–324, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2023.04.007.
8. Papanastasiou, S., Kousi, N., Karagiannis, P., Gkournelos, C., Papavasileiou, A., Dimoulas, K., Baris, K., Koukas, S., Michalos, G., Makris, S., “Towards Seamless Human–Robot Collaboration: Integrating Multimodal Interaction,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 105, 3881–3897, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03790-3.
9. Matsas, E., Vosniakos, G.-C., “Design of a Virtual Reality Training System for Human–Robot Collaboration in Manufacturing Tasks,” International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 11(2), 139–153, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-015-0259-2.
10. Maruyama, T., Ueshiba, T., Tada, M., Toda, H., Endo, Y., Domae, Y., Nakabo, Y., Mori, T., Suita, K., “Digital Twin-Driven Human Robot Collaboration Using a Digital Human,” Sensors, 21(24), 8266, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248266.
11. Sheikh Bahaei, S., Gallina, B., “Assessing Risk of AR and Organizational Changes Factors in Socio-technical Robotic Manufacturing,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 88, 102731, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2024.102731.
12. Hietanen, A., Lanz, M., Latokartano, J., “AR-Based Interaction for Human–Robot Collaborative Manufacturing,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 63, 101891, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2019.101891
13. Hietanen, A.; Lanz, M.; Latokartano, J. “AR-Based Interaction for Human–Robot Collaborative Manufacturing,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 63, 101891, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2019.101891.
14. Loy, W. W. et al. “Exploring AR-enabled human–robot collaboration (HRC),” Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 2025. (Springer)
15. Maruyama, T.; Ueshiba, T.; Tada, M.; Toda, H.; Endo, Y.; Domae, Y.; Nakabo, Y.; Mori, T.; Suita, K. “Digital Twin-Driven Human Robot Collaboration Using a Digital Human,” Sensors, 21(24), 8266, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248266.
16. De Pace, F.; Manuri, F.; Sanna, A. “A Systematic Review of Augmented Reality Interfaces for Human–Robot Interaction in Industrial Collaborative Scenarios,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, 149, 106806, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.106806.
17. Qiu, S.; Liu, H.; Zhang, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Zhu, S. “Human-Robot Interaction in a Shared Augmented Reality Workspace,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, (IEEE/ACM) 2021. (or journal context)(2025) “Improving Human–Robot Collaboration through AR and user gaze,” ACM/IEEE Transactions on HRI.
18. Chandan, K.; Kudalkar, V.; Li, X.; Zhang, S. “ARROCH: Augmented Reality for Robots Collaborating with a Human,” ACM/IEEE HRI, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517719.
19. Gregory, J. M.; Reardon, C.; Lee, K.; White, G.; Ng, K.; Sims, C. “Enabling Intuitive Human-Robot Teaming Using Augmented Reality and Gesture Control,” ACM/IEEE HRI, 2019.
20. Sheikh Bahaei, S.; Gallina, B. “Assessing Risk of AR and Organizational Changes Factors in Socio-technical Robotic Manufacturing,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 88, 102731, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2024.102731.
21. Chu, C.-H.; Liu, Y.-L. “Human Factors in Augmented Reality User Interfaces for Human–Robot Collaborative Assembly,” Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 68, 313–324, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2023.04.007.
22. Makris, S.; Karagiannis, P.; Koukas, S.; Matthaiakis, A.-S. “Augmented Reality System for Operator Support in Human–Robot Collaborative Assembly,” CIRP Annals, 65(1), 61–64, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.04.038.
23. Project Air-Cobot related works (inspection + human supervision) — see multiple journal articles.
24. Survey of XR in remote HRI, e.g. “A Systematic Review of XR-based Remote Human-Robot Interaction Systems” (arXiv-based but points to published works).
25. Suzuki, R.; Karim, A.; Xia, T.; Hedayati, H.; Marquardt, N. “Augmented Reality and Robotics: A Survey and Taxonomy for AR-enhanced Human-Robot Interaction,” CHI / ACM, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517719.
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