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Original Article
Vote Chain: A Decentralized Commit–Reveal Voting Framework Using Ethereum Smart Contracts and Cryptographic Hash Verification
Mihit Nanda1
Gaurav Singhania2
Manya Agarwal3
Mohammad Zeeshan4
Mudit Tiwari5
Md Jawed Akram6
1 2 3 4 5 6 School of Computer Science and Engineering, IILM University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Published Online: May-August 2026
Pages: 180-191
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/indjcst.20260502020
References
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Cryptography and Data Security (FC), Malta, Apr. 2017, LNCS vol. 10322, pp. 357–375.
7. F. Fusco, M. I. Lunesu, F. E. Pani, and A. Pinna, "Crypto-voting, a blockchain based e-voting system," in Proc. 10th Int. Joint Conf.
Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (IC3K), Seville, Spain, Sep. 2018, pp. 1–8.
8. B. Wang, J. Sun, Y. He, D. Pang, and N. Lu, "Large-scale election based on blockchain," Procedia Computer Science, vol. 129, pp. 234–
237, 2018.
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Conf. Cloud Computing (CLOUD), San Francisco, CA, USA, Jul. 2018, pp. 983–986.
11. G. Wood, "Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger — Berlin version," Ethereum Foundation, Tech. Rep., 2021.
[Online].
12. Available: https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf
13. Ethereum Foundation, "Security considerations," Solidity Documentation, v0.8.20, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.8.20/security-considerations.html
14. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), The Global State of Democracy 2022: Forging Social Contracts in
a Time of Discontent. Stockholm, Sweden: International IDEA, 2022.
15. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), "Decentralized identifiers (DIDs) v1.0," W3C Recommendation, Jul. 2022. [Online]. Available:
https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/
16. L. Gudgeon, P. Moreno-Sanchez, S. Roos, P. McCorry, and A. Gervais, "SoK: Layer-two blockchain protocols," in Proc. Financial
Cryptography and Data Security (FC), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, Feb. 2020, LNCS vol. 12059, pp. 201–226.
17. J. Groth, "On the size of pairing-based non-interactive arguments," in Proc. Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2016, Vienna,
Austria, May 2016, LNCS vol. 9666, pp. 305–326.
18. NIST, "SHA-3 standard: Permutation-based hash and extendable-output functions," FIPS PUB 202, Aug. 2015.
19. M. Chaieb, S. Yousfi, P. Lafourcade, and R. Robbana, "Verify-your-vote: A verifiable blockchain-based online voting protocol," in Proc.
European, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Conf. Information Systems (EMCIS 2018), Dubai, UAE, Oct. 2018, LNBIP vol. 341, pp.
16–30.
20. D. Boneh and V. Shoup, A Graduate Course in Applied Cryptography, ver. 0.6, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://toc.cryptobook.us/
21. Ethereum Foundation, "EIP-197: Precompiled contracts for optimal ate pairing check on the elliptic curve alt_bn128," Ethereum
Improvement Proposal 197, Feb. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-197
Internet voting system," in Proc. ACM SIGSAC Conf. Computer and Communications Security (CCS), Scottsdale, AZ, USA, Nov. 2014,
pp. 703–715.
2. B. Adida, "Helios: Web-based open-audit voting," in Proc. 17th USENIX Security Symp., San Jose, CA, USA, Jul. 2008, pp. 335–348.
3. N. Szabo, "Formalizing and securing relationships on public networks," First Monday, vol. 2, no. 9, Sep. 1997.
4. Z. Zheng, S. Xie, H.-N. Dai, X. Chen, and H. Wang, "An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends,"
in Proc. IEEE Int. Congress Big Data (BigData Congress), Honolulu, HI, USA, Jun. 2017, pp. 557–564. [5] M. Blum, "Coin flipping by
telephone: A protocol for solving impossible problems," SIGACT News, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 23–27, 1983.
5. S. Nakamoto, "Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system," 2008. [Online]. Available: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
6. P. McCorry, S. F. Shahandashti, and F. Hao, "A smart contract for boardroom voting with maximum voter privacy," in Proc. Financial
Cryptography and Data Security (FC), Malta, Apr. 2017, LNCS vol. 10322, pp. 357–375.
7. F. Fusco, M. I. Lunesu, F. E. Pani, and A. Pinna, "Crypto-voting, a blockchain based e-voting system," in Proc. 10th Int. Joint Conf.
Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (IC3K), Seville, Spain, Sep. 2018, pp. 1–8.
8. B. Wang, J. Sun, Y. He, D. Pang, and N. Lu, "Large-scale election based on blockchain," Procedia Computer Science, vol. 129, pp. 234–
237, 2018.
9. A. B. Ayed, "A conceptual secure blockchain-based electronic voting system," Int. J. Network Security & Its Applications, vol. 9, no. 3,
pp. 1–9, May 2017.
10. F. B. Hjálmarsson, G. K. Hreiðarsson, M. Hamdaqa, and G. Hjálmtýsson, "Blockchain-based e-voting system," in Proc. IEEE 11th Int.
Conf. Cloud Computing (CLOUD), San Francisco, CA, USA, Jul. 2018, pp. 983–986.
11. G. Wood, "Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger — Berlin version," Ethereum Foundation, Tech. Rep., 2021.
[Online].
12. Available: https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf
13. Ethereum Foundation, "Security considerations," Solidity Documentation, v0.8.20, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.8.20/security-considerations.html
14. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), The Global State of Democracy 2022: Forging Social Contracts in
a Time of Discontent. Stockholm, Sweden: International IDEA, 2022.
15. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), "Decentralized identifiers (DIDs) v1.0," W3C Recommendation, Jul. 2022. [Online]. Available:
https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/
16. L. Gudgeon, P. Moreno-Sanchez, S. Roos, P. McCorry, and A. Gervais, "SoK: Layer-two blockchain protocols," in Proc. Financial
Cryptography and Data Security (FC), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, Feb. 2020, LNCS vol. 12059, pp. 201–226.
17. J. Groth, "On the size of pairing-based non-interactive arguments," in Proc. Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2016, Vienna,
Austria, May 2016, LNCS vol. 9666, pp. 305–326.
18. NIST, "SHA-3 standard: Permutation-based hash and extendable-output functions," FIPS PUB 202, Aug. 2015.
19. M. Chaieb, S. Yousfi, P. Lafourcade, and R. Robbana, "Verify-your-vote: A verifiable blockchain-based online voting protocol," in Proc.
European, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Conf. Information Systems (EMCIS 2018), Dubai, UAE, Oct. 2018, LNBIP vol. 341, pp.
16–30.
20. D. Boneh and V. Shoup, A Graduate Course in Applied Cryptography, ver. 0.6, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://toc.cryptobook.us/
21. Ethereum Foundation, "EIP-197: Precompiled contracts for optimal ate pairing check on the elliptic curve alt_bn128," Ethereum
Improvement Proposal 197, Feb. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-197
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