ARCHIVES
Original Article
A Secure and Decentralized Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting Framework with Smart Contract Enforcement
Lokesh Kumar Garg1
Sumit Kumar2
Prashant Kumar Baheti3
1 3 Department of Computer Science Engineering, Engineering College Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India. 2 Department of AI&DS, Engineering College Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India.
Published Online: January-April 2026
Pages: 169-179
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/indjcst.20260501024
References
1. Naik, A.C., Prajapati, A.M., Pandey, S.N., Mishra, A.C.: Blockchain based e- voting system. In: 2023 7th International Conference on Trends
in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI), pp. 316–320 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOEI56765.2023.10125883. IEEE
2. Singathala, H., Narayansetty, S., Kata, H.: Blockchain based e-voting system. In: 2024 Second International Conference on Emerging Trends
in Information Tech- nology and Engineering (ICETITE), pp. 1–6 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1109/ ic-ETITE58242.2024.10493789. IEEE
3. Li, M., Xue, K., Luo, X., Sun, W., Wei, D.S., Sun, Q., Lu, J.: s3 voting: A blockchain sharding based e-voting approach with security and
scalability. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 22(2), 1596–1611 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2024.3446392
4. Zhang, J., Wu, C., Sherratt, R.S., Wang, J.: An improved secure and efficient e-voting scheme based on blockchain systems. IEEE Internet
of Things Journal 12(7), 8626–8637 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2024.3507366
5. Ohize, H.O., Onumanyi, A.J., Umar, B.U., Ajao, L.A., Isah, R.O., Dogo, E.M., Nuhu, B.K., Olaniyi, O.M., Ambafi, J.G., Sheidu, V.B., et
al.: Blockchain for securing electronic voting systems: a survey of architectures, trends, solutions, and challenges. Cluster Computing 28(2),
132 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10586-024-04709-8
6. Sangraula, P., Adhikari, N.B.: Zero knowledge proof on top of blockchain for anonymous and verifiable e-voting system. Journal of The
Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, 1–12 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-025-01198-0
7. Marouan, A., Badrani, M., Zannou, A., Kannouf, N., Chetouani, A.: E-voting sys- tem based on blockchain for enhanced university elections.
SN Computer Science 6(3), 204 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-025-03671-5
8. Savaridassan, P., Lohani, S., Gupta, H.: A block-chain based decentralized mechanism to ensure the security of electronic voting system
using solidity language. In: International Conference on Deep Sciences for Computing and Communications, pp. 44–51 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-68905-5 6 . Springer
9. Chafiq, T., Azmi, R., Mohammed, O.: Blockchain-based electronic voting systems: A case study in morocco. International Journal of
Intelligent Networks 5, 38–48 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2024.01.004
10. Li, F., Wang, X., Chen, T., Li, L., Huang, H.: Asev: Anonymous and scored- based e-voting protocol on blockchain. In: International
Conference on Frontiers in Cyber Security, pp. 309–322 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9331-4 21 . Springer
in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI), pp. 316–320 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOEI56765.2023.10125883. IEEE
2. Singathala, H., Narayansetty, S., Kata, H.: Blockchain based e-voting system. In: 2024 Second International Conference on Emerging Trends
in Information Tech- nology and Engineering (ICETITE), pp. 1–6 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1109/ ic-ETITE58242.2024.10493789. IEEE
3. Li, M., Xue, K., Luo, X., Sun, W., Wei, D.S., Sun, Q., Lu, J.: s3 voting: A blockchain sharding based e-voting approach with security and
scalability. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 22(2), 1596–1611 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2024.3446392
4. Zhang, J., Wu, C., Sherratt, R.S., Wang, J.: An improved secure and efficient e-voting scheme based on blockchain systems. IEEE Internet
of Things Journal 12(7), 8626–8637 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2024.3507366
5. Ohize, H.O., Onumanyi, A.J., Umar, B.U., Ajao, L.A., Isah, R.O., Dogo, E.M., Nuhu, B.K., Olaniyi, O.M., Ambafi, J.G., Sheidu, V.B., et
al.: Blockchain for securing electronic voting systems: a survey of architectures, trends, solutions, and challenges. Cluster Computing 28(2),
132 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10586-024-04709-8
6. Sangraula, P., Adhikari, N.B.: Zero knowledge proof on top of blockchain for anonymous and verifiable e-voting system. Journal of The
Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, 1–12 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-025-01198-0
7. Marouan, A., Badrani, M., Zannou, A., Kannouf, N., Chetouani, A.: E-voting sys- tem based on blockchain for enhanced university elections.
SN Computer Science 6(3), 204 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-025-03671-5
8. Savaridassan, P., Lohani, S., Gupta, H.: A block-chain based decentralized mechanism to ensure the security of electronic voting system
using solidity language. In: International Conference on Deep Sciences for Computing and Communications, pp. 44–51 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-68905-5 6 . Springer
9. Chafiq, T., Azmi, R., Mohammed, O.: Blockchain-based electronic voting systems: A case study in morocco. International Journal of
Intelligent Networks 5, 38–48 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2024.01.004
10. Li, F., Wang, X., Chen, T., Li, L., Huang, H.: Asev: Anonymous and scored- based e-voting protocol on blockchain. In: International
Conference on Frontiers in Cyber Security, pp. 309–322 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9331-4 21 . Springer
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