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Review Article
Fundamentals and Applications of Blockchain Technology
Priyanka Jaiswal1
1 Department of Computer Applications, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Published Online: September-December 2025
Pages: 239-241
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/indjcst.20250403037
References
1. S. Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System,” 2008. [Online]. Available: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
2. Z. Zheng, S. Xie, H. Dai, X. Chen, and H. Wang, “An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends,” in Proc. 2017 IEEE Int. Congr. Big Data, Honolulu, HI, USA, 2017, pp. 557–564.
3. J. Yli-Huumo, D. Ko, S. Choi, S. Park, and K. Smolander, “Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology?—A Systematic Review,” PLOS ONE, vol. 11, no. 10, e0163477, Oct. 2016.
4. F. Casino, T. K. Dasaklis, and C. Patsakis, “A Systematic Literature Review of Blockchain-Based Applications: Current Status, Classification and Open Issues,” Telemat. Inform. vol. 36, pp. 55–81, 2019.
5. M. Crosby, P. Pattanayak, S. Verma, and V. Kalyanaraman, “Blockchain Technology: Beyond Bitcoin,” Appl. Innov. Rev., vol. 2, pp. 6–19, 2016.
6. X. Xu et al., “A Taxonomy of Blockchain-Based Systems for Architecture Design,” in Proc. 2017 IEEE Int. Conf. Softw. Archit. (ICSA), Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 243–252, 2017.
7. K. Christidis and M. Devetsikiotis, “Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things,” IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 2292–2303, 2016.
8. S. Khezr, M. Moniruzzaman, A. Yassine, and R. Benlamri, “Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review and Directions for Future Research,” Appl. Sci., vol. 9, no. 9, 1736, 2019.
9. M. M. Yakubu, M. F. B. Hassan, K. U. Danyaro, and A. Z. Junejo, “A Systematic Literature Review on Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms’ Security: Applications and Open Challenges,” Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng., vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1–26, 2024.
10. S. Zhang and J. H. Lee, “Analysis of the Main Consensus Protocols of Blockchain,” ICT Express, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 93–97, 2020.
11. S. Wang, Y. Yuan, X. Wang, J. Li, and F.-Y. Wang, “An Overview of Smart Contract: Architecture, Applications, and Future Trends,” in Proc. 2018 IEEE Int. Conf. Blockchain, Halifax, NS, Canada, pp. 108–111, 2018.
12. A. A. Omar, M. Z. A. Bhuiyan, A. Basu, S. Kiyomoto, and M. S. Rahman, “Privacy-Friendly Platform for Healthcare Data in Cloud Based on Blockchain Environment,” Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 95, pp. 511–521, 2019.
13. W. Li, S. Andreina, J.-M. Bohli, and G. Karame, “Securing Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocols,” in Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology, LNCS, vol. 10436, pp. 297–315, 2017.
14. J. Sousa, A. Bessani, and M. Vukolić, “A Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Ordering Service for the Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain Platform,” in Proc. 2018 IEEE/IFIP Int. Conf. Dependable Syst. Netw. (DSN), Luxembourg, pp. 51–58, 2018.
2. Z. Zheng, S. Xie, H. Dai, X. Chen, and H. Wang, “An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends,” in Proc. 2017 IEEE Int. Congr. Big Data, Honolulu, HI, USA, 2017, pp. 557–564.
3. J. Yli-Huumo, D. Ko, S. Choi, S. Park, and K. Smolander, “Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology?—A Systematic Review,” PLOS ONE, vol. 11, no. 10, e0163477, Oct. 2016.
4. F. Casino, T. K. Dasaklis, and C. Patsakis, “A Systematic Literature Review of Blockchain-Based Applications: Current Status, Classification and Open Issues,” Telemat. Inform. vol. 36, pp. 55–81, 2019.
5. M. Crosby, P. Pattanayak, S. Verma, and V. Kalyanaraman, “Blockchain Technology: Beyond Bitcoin,” Appl. Innov. Rev., vol. 2, pp. 6–19, 2016.
6. X. Xu et al., “A Taxonomy of Blockchain-Based Systems for Architecture Design,” in Proc. 2017 IEEE Int. Conf. Softw. Archit. (ICSA), Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 243–252, 2017.
7. K. Christidis and M. Devetsikiotis, “Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things,” IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 2292–2303, 2016.
8. S. Khezr, M. Moniruzzaman, A. Yassine, and R. Benlamri, “Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review and Directions for Future Research,” Appl. Sci., vol. 9, no. 9, 1736, 2019.
9. M. M. Yakubu, M. F. B. Hassan, K. U. Danyaro, and A. Z. Junejo, “A Systematic Literature Review on Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms’ Security: Applications and Open Challenges,” Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng., vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1–26, 2024.
10. S. Zhang and J. H. Lee, “Analysis of the Main Consensus Protocols of Blockchain,” ICT Express, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 93–97, 2020.
11. S. Wang, Y. Yuan, X. Wang, J. Li, and F.-Y. Wang, “An Overview of Smart Contract: Architecture, Applications, and Future Trends,” in Proc. 2018 IEEE Int. Conf. Blockchain, Halifax, NS, Canada, pp. 108–111, 2018.
12. A. A. Omar, M. Z. A. Bhuiyan, A. Basu, S. Kiyomoto, and M. S. Rahman, “Privacy-Friendly Platform for Healthcare Data in Cloud Based on Blockchain Environment,” Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 95, pp. 511–521, 2019.
13. W. Li, S. Andreina, J.-M. Bohli, and G. Karame, “Securing Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocols,” in Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology, LNCS, vol. 10436, pp. 297–315, 2017.
14. J. Sousa, A. Bessani, and M. Vukolić, “A Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Ordering Service for the Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain Platform,” in Proc. 2018 IEEE/IFIP Int. Conf. Dependable Syst. Netw. (DSN), Luxembourg, pp. 51–58, 2018.
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